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Dinosauria 17

Dinosaurs proper, including the birds that survived them.

  • Theropoda 9 Bipedal, mostly carnivorous, hollow-boned.
  • Sauropodomorpha 3 Long-necked, small-headed, graviportal.
  • Ornithischia 5 Bird-hipped plant eaters: plated, armoured, horned, beaked.

Reptiles (non-dinosaur) 4

Animals routinely filed next to dinosaurs and just as routinely mislabelled as one.

  • Pterosauria 1 Flying archosaurs with a membrane wing on one finger.
  • Mosasauridae 1 Open-ocean squamates with a flipper-paddled tail.
  • Plesiosauria 1 Four-paddle swimmers with a rigid trunk.
  • Ichthyosauria 1 Dolphin-shaped, live-bearing, ringed vertebrae.

Synapsida & mammals 2

The line that led to us. The sail-backs are in here, not with the dinosaurs.

  • Sphenacodontidae 1 Permian predators with a neural-spine sail.
  • Cetacea 0 Fully aquatic mammals with hind limbs reduced to vestiges.
  • Proboscidea 1 Elephants and their extinct kin; tusks are modified incisors.
  • Carnivora 0 Shearing carnassial teeth, four or five toes, no hooves.

Stem vertebrates 1

Jawed and jawless fish that carry the earliest bone in the record.

  • Placodermi 1 Arthrodire and antiarch head shields with a neck joint.

Invertebrates 3

Everything with an exoskeleton or no skeleton at all. Most of the fossil record by count.

  • Radiodonta 1 Stem arthropods with a ring of toothed grasping appendages.
  • Lobopodia 0 Soft-bodied panarthropods walking on stubby unjointed legs.
  • Trilobita 1 Calcite eyes, a three-lobed axis, and moult halves everywhere.
  • Insecta 1 Six legs, two wing pairs, tracheal respiration.
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Bonebed › Period index

Cretaceous

145 to 66.0 Ma

Flowering plants spread, chalk seas deposit the white limestone that names the period, and the largest terrestrial predators that ever lived appear in the final two million years.

11 entries in this period

  1. Protoceratops — bone plate Protoceratops 原角龙属 80 kg - 180 kg · Ornithischia Published 2026-10-17
  2. Therizinosaurus — bone plate Therizinosaurus 镰刀龙属 3.0 t - 5.0 t · Theropoda Published 2026-10-15
  3. Iguanodon — bone plate Iguanodon 禽龙属 3.0 t - 4.0 t · Ornithischia Published 2026-09-28
  4. Deinonychus — bone plate Deinonychus 恐爪龙属 60 kg - 100 kg · Theropoda Published 2026-09-26
  5. Spinosaurus — bone plate Spinosaurus 棘龙属 6.5 t - 7.5 t · Theropoda Published 2026-09-24
  6. Pteranodon — bone plate Pteranodon 无齿翼龙属 20 kg - 25 kg · Pterosauria Published 2026-09-13
  7. Mosasaurus — bone plate Mosasaurus 沧龙属 5.0 t - 14.0 t · Mosasauridae Published 2026-09-11
  8. Ankylosaurus — bone plate Ankylosaurus 甲龙属 4.5 t - 8.0 t · Ornithischia Published 2026-09-07
  9. Velociraptor — bone plate Velociraptor 伶盗龙属 14 kg - 20 kg · Theropoda Published 2026-09-03
  10. Triceratops — bone plate Triceratops 三角龙属 6.0 t - 12.0 t · Ornithischia Published 2026-08-29
  11. Tyrannosaurus — bone plate Tyrannosaurus 暴龙属 5.4 t - 8.8 t · Theropoda Published 2026-08-26